Comprehensive Guide to Sunscreen and Sun Protection

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun comes in two main forms that reach our skin: UVA and UVB. Both types can harm the skin in different ways and increase the risk of skin cancer.

UVA Rays 

UVA rays are longer wavelength UV that penetrate deeper into the skin. While UVA rays cause skin to tan,  they also are the primary cause of skin aging, such as wrinkles and age spots. UVA is present throughout daylight hours and can even pass through window glass and clouds. Over time, UVA exposure causes cumulative damage in the dermis (the middle layer of skin), leading to premature aging and DNA damage that can spur skin cancer.

UVB Rays

UVB rays have shorter wavelengths and mainly affect the outer skin layers. UVB is the chief cause of sunburns. It’s more intense at midday and in summer months, however it doesn’t penetrate glass. UVB rays directly damage DNA in skin cells, which can lead to mutations and skin cancers.

Both UVA and UVB are carcinogenic, meaning they can cause skin cells to undergo genetic mutations that lead to skin cancers. Cumulative exposure can cause skin damage ranging from sunburn and tanning, which is a sign of DNA injury, to long-term issues like actinic keratoses and skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. It also breaks down collagen and elastin in the skin, causing premature aging in the form of wrinkles, sagging, and dark spots.

Why use sunscreen? 

Simply put, sunscreen is a critical tool to filter out these harmful UV rays before they injure your skin. Studies have shown that regular sunscreen use dramatically lowers the risk of developing skin cancers and prevents photoaging. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, daily use of an SPF 15 or higher sunscreen has been shown to reduce the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma by about 40% and melanoma by 50%. It also helps keep your skin looking younger—one clinical trial found sunscreen use slowed skin aging signs by 24% compared to not using protection. In short, sunscreen helps block the DNA-damaging and aging effects of UV, which is why dermatologists recommend sun protection for people of all skin tones and ages.

To be effective, a sunscreen should be labeled “broad-spectrum,” meaning it filters both UVA and UVB rays. According to the MD Anderson Cancer Center, a broad-spectrum SPF 30 sunscreen, for instance, will absorb or block around 97% of UVB rays, plus a significant portion of UVA, when applied properly. No sunscreen blocks 100% of UV, but using one greatly reduces your exposure and thus your risk. Remember that UV rays are present year-round. Even on a cloudy day, up to 80% of the sun’s UV radiation can reach your skin. That’s why experts advise using sunscreen daily, not just during the summer or at the beach.

Not all sunscreens work in exactly the same way. There are two primary categories of sunscreen active ingredients, often referred to as chemical (aka organic) sunscreens and physical (aka mineral) sunscreens. Many modern products combine both types, called hybrid sunscreens. The difference lies in the active ingredients and how they protect your skin.

Chemical Sunscreens 

Chemical sunscreens contain organic, or carbon-based compounds like avobenzone, octinoxate, oxybenzone, octocrylene, homosalate, etc. These molecules absorb UV radiation and undergo a chemical reaction that converts the UV into a small amount of heat, which is then released from the skin. In other words, they act like a sponge, filtering UV rays before they can damage your cells. Chemical sunscreens tend to be formulated in lighter lotions or gels that rub in easily without leaving a residue. However, some people with sensitive skin can find certain chemical filters irritating or allergenic, and if they run into the eyes they may cause stinging. Chemical filters also require application 15–20 minutes before sun exposure to ensure they’ve bonded to the skin and will protect effectively.

Physical Sunscreens

Physical sunscreens, also known as mineral or inorganic sunscreens, use zinc oxide and/or titanium dioxide as their active ingredients. These minerals create a thin, protective layer on the skin that reflects, scatters, and absorbs UV rays. Unlike chemical sunscreens, they work immediately after application and don’t need time to absorb. Older mineral formulas were often thick and left a noticeable white cast, but newer versions use refined particles or added tint to improve blendability and appearance. Mineral sunscreens are well-tolerated by most skin types and are often recommended for people with sensitive skin, eczema, or rosacea. Zinc oxide is especially gentle and offers the broadest UVA and UVB protection of all FDA-approved sunscreen ingredients.

Hybrid Sunscreens

Hybrid sunscreens combine both mineral and chemical ingredients—for example, zinc oxide mixed with octinoxate or octocrylene. This blend helps deliver strong, broad-spectrum protection while improving the texture and look on the skin. If you see both zinc or titanium and chemical names on the label, it’s a hybrid. These formulas aim to give you the benefits of both types: solid UV defense with a more invisible finish.

When choosing a sunscreen, it really comes down to what feels good on your skin.

• Chemical sunscreens usually feel lighter and absorb quickly, making them great for daily use or darker skin tones.
• Mineral sunscreens are gentle and ideal for sensitive skin or young kids, though some may take a bit more effort to rub in.
• Hybrid sunscreens offer a little of both—gentle ingredients with a smoother finish.

Tip from Dr. Prodanovich

The best sunscreen is the one you’ll actually use every day. Choose Broad-Spectrum and SPF 30+ for UVA + UVB coverage., then pick the texture and type that works for you.

You’ve probably seen headlines or social media posts questioning what’s really in your sunscreen. It’s a fair question: Are these ingredients safe to use every day? The good news is, experts are paying close attention. Dermatologists and the FDA continue to study sunscreen ingredients to make sure they’re both safe and effective. Here’s what we know so far, based on the latest research and official guidance.

Sunscreen Ingredients & Safety Overview

*GRASE = Generally Recognized As Safe and Effective (per FDA)

*Needs more data = Not deemed unsafe, but more studies are required before FDA will confirm GRASE status

*Absorption = Detected in bloodstream during high-usage studies; not proven harmful at current levels

How Sunscreens Are Regulated

In the United States, sunscreen is regulated like a drug because it makes a health claim—to prevent sunburn and reduce skin cancer risk. That means it has to meet strict safety and effectiveness standards.

The FDA uses a category called GRASE, which stands for Generally Recognized As Safe and Effective. As of now:

• Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, the two filters used in mineral sunscreen, are the only ingredients with enough evidence to earn full GRASE status.
• PABA and trolamine salicylate were removed from the market years ago and are officially considered not GRASE.
• The rest—ingredients like oxybenzone, avobenzone, octinoxate, octocrylene, and homosalate—are still being studied. They’re not labeled unsafe, but the FDA wants more data on how much gets absorbed into the body and whether that matters long-term.

What the Research Shows About Sunscreen Ingredients

In recent FDA studies, some chemical filters, like oxybenzone and avobenzone were found in the bloodstream after sunscreen was used heavily. However, this doesn’t mean they’re harmful; it just means more research is needed. Absorption alone doesn’t equal danger.

The FDA, American Academy of Dermatology, and Skin Cancer Foundation all still strongly recommend using sunscreen while this research continues. Why? Because:

• There’s clear, strong evidence that UV radiation causes skin cancer.
• There’s no evidence that any FDA-approved sunscreen ingredient harms humans when used as directed.

What If You’re Still Concerned?

If you’d rather avoid chemical-based sunscreens, that’s totally fine. Mineral sunscreens with zinc oxide or titanium dioxide sit on the skin’s surface and are not significantly absorbed. Dermatologists often recommend them for kids, people with sensitive skin, or to those who are pregnant or breastfeeding—just as a precaution.

The trade-off? Mineral sunscreens may not feel as light or look as invisible on the skin. But newer formulas are improving, and many people find them worth the switch.

Bottom Line:

• Sunscreen is safe.
• Sunscreen prevents cancer.
• The real risk is skipping sun protection.

Tip from Dr. Prodanovich Tip

If you prefer mineral-based products, that’s great. If you use chemical sunscreens, you’re still protecting your skin from a known danger—UV rays. And if you’re ever unsure, talk to your dermatologist. But whatever you do: don’t go without sunscreen.

Sunscreens are not one-size-fits-all. The best sunscreen is the one that suits your individual skin needs and one you’ll actually use every day. Here’s how to choose the right sunscreen based on your skin type, tone, and lifestyle.

Choosing a Sunscreen for Oily or Acne-Prone Skin

If your skin tends to break out, avoid greasy products. Look for sunscreens labeled "oil-free" and "non-comedogenic", which are designed not to clog pores. Lightweight gels, fluids, or serums are good options. Many chemical sunscreens are thinner and leave less residue.

However, mineral sunscreens with zinc oxide also work well. Zinc is naturally anti-inflammatory, which may help calm acne-prone skin. Matte-finish sunscreens control shine, and powder SPF products are great for touch-ups.

Bottom Line: Choose oil-free, non-comedogenic products. Gels, matte finishes, and some mineral sunscreens work well with oily or acne-prone skin.

Choosing a Sunscreen for Dry or Sensitive Skin

If your skin feels tight or irritated, go for hydrating sunscreens with ingredients like glycerin, hyaluronic acid, or ceramides. Creams or lotions are better than gels for dry skin.

Mineral sunscreens with zinc oxide or titanium dioxide are ideal for sensitive skin because they’re less likely to cause stinging. Avoid sunscreens with fragrance, alcohol, or strong chemical filters like avobenzone if you’ve experienced irritation before.

Bottom Line: Use moisturizing, fragrance-free sunscreens. Mineral formulas are usually best for dry or reactive skin.

Choosing a Sunscreen for Combination or Normal Skin

If you have a mix of oily and dry areas, a lightweight lotion with SPF 30+ is usually sufficient. Use gel in oily zones (like the T-zone) and lotion in drier areas. Many daily moisturizers with SPF are great for everyday use as long as they’re broad-spectrum and applied generously.

Bottom Line: A balanced lotion with SPF 30+ is ideal. Adjust the product texture based on which areas of your face are oily vs dry.

Choosing a Sunscreen for Medium to Dark Skin Tones

A top concern for people with darker skin is the white cast left by some mineral sunscreens. Newer tinted mineral sunscreens with iron oxides blend better and also help protect against visible light, which can worsen hyperpigmentation.

Chemical sunscreens or hybrid formulas are also good options since they go on clear. Look for terms like "dry-touch" or "matte finish" for a shine-free look.

Bottom Line: Tinted or sheer sunscreens work best on darker skin. Choose products with iron oxides to avoid white cast and support pigment protection.

Choosing a Sunscreen for Active Outdoor Use or Water Sports

For activities like swimming, running, or hiking, pick a sunscreen labeled water-resistant (40 or 80 minutes). These formulas hold up better but may feel thicker.

Sticks are excellent for the face, especially around the eyes. Sprays offer convenience but must be rubbed in and applied generously.

If you're in the ocean, choose reef-safe mineral sunscreens to reduce harm to marine life.

Bottom Line: Use water-resistant SPF for outdoor activity. Reapply every 40–80 minutes, especially after swimming or sweating.

Choosing a Sunscreen for Face vs. Body

Technically, the same sunscreen can be used head to toe, but many prefer a lighter, non-greasy product for the face, especially if wearing makeup or dealing with acne. Look for non-comedogenic face formulas.

Body sunscreens are more cost-effective and come in larger bottles. A common routine is to use a high-end facial sunscreen and a more affordable body sunscreen—both should be SPF 30+ and broad-spectrum.

Bottom Line: Use a lighter, non-comedogenic sunscreen for the face and a budget-friendly option for the body.

Sunscreen Formats: Choosing the Best One for Your Needs

Tip from Dr. Prodanovich

Match the format to your lifestyle — sprays are great for a beach day, sticks work near the eyes, and powders are perfect for reapplying without ruining makeup. The format doesn’t matter if you don’t use it, so find one you’ll stick with.

The Best Sunscreen Is the One You’ll Actually Use

It can’t be overstated: sunscreen only works if you use it and reapply it. A fancy SPF 100 won’t protect you if it stays in the bottle. Try different formats like creams, gels, sprays, sticks, powders until you find one you like. Keep it in visible places, like your purse, bathroom, car, or beach bag.

If you have melasma or dark spots, use tinted sunscreens with iron oxides. For rosacea or post-procedure skin, choose gentle mineral formulas. If lotions aren’t your thing, wear UPF-rated clothing and a wide-brimmed hat.

Bottom Line: The best sunscreen is the one you’ll actually use. Make it a habit—just like brushing your teeth.

Tips from Dr. Prodanovich

1. Choose a sunscreen that fits your life, not just your skin. The one you’ll wear consistently is the one that works.
2. Always reapply, especially if you're outdoors. The biggest mistake I see is patients who apply once and assume they’re covered all day.
3. For darker skin tones, I recommend tinted mineral sunscreens to help protect against both UV and visible light that can worsen pigmentation.

Still unsure which sunscreen is best for you? Ask your dermatologist or speak with a skincare professional about options for your skin type and daily routine. Want to stay protected and informed? Bookmark this guide and refer back each season.

There’s a lot of confusion about sunscreen. Misinformation spreads fast, especially online. Let’s set the record straight on a few pervasive myths about sunscreen, so you can protect your skin with confidence.

Do people with dark skin need sunscreen?

Fact: Melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color, offers some natural protection against the sun’s UV rays—in very dark skin this extra protection is only roughly equal to an SPF 4—but this is not nearly enough to protect against sun damage. Even very dark skin can burn, age from sun damage, and develop skin cancer like melanoma. In fact, skin cancer in people of color is often diagnosed later, leading to worse outcomes. UV causes cumulative photoaging and uneven pigmentation in deeper skin tones just as it does in light skin. Dermatologists universally recommend sunscreen for every skin tone. It's true that the risk of skin cancer is lower in populations with black and brown skin tones, but it is not zero. For example, Bob Marley, who had Type V skin on the Fitzpatrick Skin Type scale, died from melanoma. 

Bottom line: If you have skin, you need sun protection—no matter your shade.

Do I only need sunscreen on hot, sunny days?

Fact: UV rays reach your skin year-round, in all seasons and weather. Up to 90% of UV rays still penetrate cloud cover and can reach your skin. Snow, sand, and water all reflect sunlight, increasing your exposure. While UVB is weaker in winter, UVA is relatively consistent all year and it’s UVA that contributes to wrinkles and skin cancer. So don’t let the temperature or overcast sky fool you. If it’s daytime, UV is around. Even incidental exposure, like walking to your car or sitting by a window, adds up over time. So make sunscreen a daily habit regardless of season, and remember to protect yourself even when skiing, hiking at high altitude (UV increases with elevation), or on hazy days. The UV index might be lower in winter, but any UV exposure causes some DNA damage. Consistency is key: protect your skin every day, not just at the beach.

Bottom line: Don’t let the weather fool you. If it’s daylight, UV is around. Wear sunscreen daily.

Is any sunscreen waterproof or good for all-day swimming?

Fact: No sunscreen is truly “waterproof,” in fact, the FDA bans the term “waterproof” on sunscreen labels because it’s misleading. Some sunscreens are labeled water-resistant for 40 or 80 minutes, meaning they stay effective for that long during swimming or sweating, but after that, or if you towel off, you’ll need to reapply. Even on dry land, sunscreen breaks down and should be reapplied every two hours. Ignore claims like “all-day protection” as they’re misleading and inaccurate.

Bottom line: Reapply sunscreen every 2 hours, and more often if you’re swimming, sweating, or toweling off. No product lasts all day.

Does higher SPF mean I can reapply less often?

Fact: High SPF (like 50 or 100) filters out more UVB, but it doesn’t stay effective longer than a lower SPF. All sunscreens break down or rub off at the same rate, no matter the number on the bottle. You still need to reapply every two hours, and right after swimming, sweating, or toweling off. Don’t use a high SPF as an excuse to stay outside longer. Many people under-apply sunscreen, so a high SPF can help cover for that, but it’s not a free pass to skip reapplication. SPF mainly refers to UVB protection; you also want good UVA coverage which isn’t reflected by the SPF number. So broad-spectrum is more important than chasing an extremely high SPF.

Tip from Dr. Prodanovich

The SPF number tells you how much longer it takes your skin to burn with sunscreen compared to no protection. For example, SPF 30 means it would take 30 times longer to redden your skin if you use it as directed. If you burn in 10 minutes without sunscreen, SPF 30 would give you about 300 minutes (5 hours) before you burn—if you apply it correctly and don’t sweat, swim, or towel off. In real life, reapply every 2 hours for the best protection.

Bottom line: No matter how high the SPF, reapply every 2 hours. Broad-spectrum matters more than the biggest number.

Is the SPF in my makeup enough protection for the day?

Fact: Makeup with SPF usually isn’t enough protection on its own. Most people use much less makeup than the amount of sunscreen needed for the labeled SPF. That means you’re getting less coverage than you think. Many makeup products have SPF 15 or 20, which is less than the recommended SPF 30. If you use a lot of makeup with SPF 30 and cover all exposed skin, it helps—but most people don’t. It’s best to use regular sunscreen under your makeup or reapply SPF powder or spray later in the day. Makeup SPF is a nice bonus, not your main defense. Also, don’t forget areas like your neck and ears that makeup usually misses.

Bottom line: Don’t rely only on makeup with SPF. Use real sunscreen as your base.

Does using sunscreen cause vitamin D deficiency?

Fact: This is a common worry, but studies show that sunscreen use doesn’t cause vitamin D deficiency in most people. Even careful sunscreen users get some sun, because no one applies it perfectly or covers every spot. You can also get vitamin D from food or supplements without the cancer risk of sun exposure. Many major medical groups recommend getting vitamin D from your diet, not the sun, because any UV exposure increases your risk of skin cancer.

Bottom line: Protect your skin. You can get vitamin D safely from food or supplements.

Does sunscreen cause cancer or contain toxic chemicals?

Fact: There’s no evidence that sunscreen causes cancer. In fact, it helps prevent skin cancer. Some sunscreen chemicals can be found in your blood after heavy use, but at very low levels and without proof of harm. Health agencies keep monitoring these ingredients to be safe. Claims about toxicity usually come from lab studies that don’t match real-world use. The real danger is unprotected sun exposure, which is proven to cause cancer. If you’re worried about ingredients, use mineral sunscreens with zinc oxide or titanium dioxide—they sit on the skin and aren’t absorbed. Trusted organizations like the FDA and American Cancer Society all recommend sunscreen.

Bottom line: Sunscreen prevents cancer. Choose mineral sunscreens if you’re concerned about chemicals, but don’t skip sun protection.

By busting these myths, we hope it’s clear that sunscreen is a safe, smart choice. Don’t let misconceptions keep you from using it. When in doubt, ask your dermatologist – they can give science-backed answers. Now that you’re armed with facts, let’s move on to how to use sunscreen correctly for maximum protection.

Knowing how to use sunscreen is just as important as picking the right one. Here’s how to get real protection from your sunscreen—backed by research and dermatologist advice.

Use Enough Sunscreen

Most people don’t use enough sunscreen and end up getting much less protection than they think. For full-body coverage, adults need about 1 ounce of sunscreen—about the size of a shot glass. For your face and neck, use about a nickel-sized dollop (around 1/4 teaspoon). If you’re just covering arms, legs, and face, plan for 2–3 tablespoons in total.

A good guide: use one teaspoon for each arm and leg, one for your front, one for your back, and one for your face and neck. Most people use less than half this amount and get less SPF than promised on the label. If you use sunscreen every day, you should be finishing several bottles each year—not one.

Cover Every Exposed Area and Don’t Miss These Spots

It’s easy to forget key areas:

• Ears
• Back of the neck
• Hairline and scalp (use spray or powder for parts or thinning hair)
• Tops of feet and toes
• Backs of hands
• Lips—use a lip balm with SPF 30 or higher
• Around the eyes (apply gently, avoid getting it in your eyes; UV exposure can cause cataracts and eyelid cancers)

If you wear makeup, apply sunscreen first. Once it sets, apply your makeup as usual.

Apply Before You Go Outside

Put sunscreen on 15–30 minutes before going outdoors. This lets chemical sunscreens bind to the skin and start working. Physical (mineral) sunscreens work immediately, but advance application ensures you don’t miss spots in a rush. For best results, apply after your morning shower or skincare routine, then get dressed.

Reapply Every 2 Hours No Matter What

Sunscreen protection fades due to sweat, water, rubbing, or just time in the sun. Reapply at least every 2 hours while outside. If you swim, sweat, or towel off, reapply right away, even if you’re using water-resistant sunscreen. Water-resistant products are only rated for 40 or 80 minutes in water. Setting a timer can help you remember. For kids, make reapplication a routine, like after lunch or a swim break.

Use Water-Resistant Formulas for Water and Sports

If you’ll be swimming or sweating, pick a sunscreen labeled “water-resistant (40 minutes)” or “water-resistant (80 minutes).” Even so, reapply after the time listed or after toweling off. No sunscreen can handle all-day water exposure.

Be Smart With Spray Sunscreens

Spray sunscreens are handy, especially for reapplying on the go or at the beach, but you need to use enough to get a visible sheen and always rub it in for even coverage. Never spray directly on your face. Spray on your hands, then apply. Use sprays away from heat or open flames, as the propellants are flammable. Always avoid inhaling the spray.

Check Expiration Dates

Sunscreen expires, with most having a shelf life of about three years, but high temperatures can cause the active ingredients in sunscreen to degrade faster. Don’t use expired sunscreen or any that has changed in color, smell, or consistency. Keep sunscreen in the shade or a cooler and never leave it in a hot car or direct sun.

Make Sunscreen a Daily Habit

Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen every morning to exposed skin—face, neck, hands, and any area not covered by clothing. UVA rays can go through glass, so daily use protects you during commutes or if you sit near windows. On weekends or days outdoors, cover all exposed skin, and remember to reapply.

Special Situations

• Cloudy days: Up to 80% of UV rays get through clouds.
• Snow and altitude: Snow reflects up to 80% of UV, and UV increases with elevation.
• Beach or water: Water reflects sunlight, meaning you can burn faster near water.
• Children: Kids rub sunscreen off quickly with play. Reapply more often.

Bottom Line: Be generous and consistent: one full-body application in the morning, another midday if you’re outside all day, and more if you swim or sweat. A $10 bottle of sunscreen is cheaper than a doctor visit for sunburn—or worse—skin cancer. Use enough, use it right, and you’ll get the protection your skin deserves.

Vitamin D is called the “sunshine vitamin” because your skin makes it when exposed to UVB rays. It’s important for bone health and immune function. A common question is: Will using sunscreen lead to vitamin D deficiency?

Here’s what the science (and leading medical organizations) say.

Does Sunscreen Cause Vitamin D Deficiency?

Most evidence says no. While lab studies show that high-SPF sunscreen can reduce vitamin D production, real-world research finds that sunscreen use does not cause vitamin D deficiency for most people. In fact, a randomized study in Australia found no difference in vitamin D levels between adults using daily sunscreen and those using none.

Why? Most people don’t apply sunscreen perfectly or consistently enough to block all UVB. Small daily exposures like walking to your car, sitting by a window, or missing a spot, still allow for some vitamin D production. Even with SPF 30, about 3% of UVB still gets through.

What Are Safe Ways to Get Vitamin D?

You don’t need to risk sun damage for healthy vitamin D levels. The American Academy of Dermatology and Skin Cancer Foundation both recommend getting vitamin D from food or supplements—not intentional sun exposure.

Vitamin D-rich foods include:

• Fatty fish (like salmon and mackerel)
• Fortified milk, orange juice, and cereals
• Egg yolks

Supplements are safe, widely available, and inexpensive. The recommended daily amount for adults is 600–800 IU. Getting vitamin D from your diet or a multivitamin is much safer than unprotected sun, which is a proven cause of skin cancer.

Should I Skip Sunscreen to Get More Vitamin D?

No. The health risks of UV exposure—including skin cancer, cataracts, and premature aging—are well known. There is no “safe” UV dose for vitamin D that does not also increase skin cancer risk.

If you’re worried about your vitamin D, ask your doctor for a blood test. If your level is low, a supplement is an easy, safe fix. Many factors besides sunscreen affect vitamin D: age, skin tone (darker skin needs more sun to make D), weight, and where you live. But for most people, sunscreen is not the main reason for low vitamin D.

Do Sunscreens Block All Vitamin D Production?

Not in real life. Dermatology studies show that people who use sunscreen regularly do not have lower vitamin D levels than those who don’t. Even diligent sunscreen users get some sun on uncovered skin or from imperfect application. The Skin Cancer Foundation points out that routine sunscreen use did not cause vitamin D deficiency in clinical studies.

Bottom Line: Don’t skip sunscreen because you’re worried about vitamin D. Protect your skin and get your vitamin D from safe sources—diet or supplements. If you’re concerned, get tested and talk to your doctor.

• Sunscreen use does not cause vitamin D deficiency for most people

• Get vitamin D from food and supplements, not unprotected sun

• There is no safe level of sun exposure for making vitamin D

• Talk to your doctor if you’re concerned about your levels

You can always boost your vitamin D—but you can’t undo skin cancer. Keep protecting your skin. Your future self will thank you.

In recent years, scientists have found that sunscreen washing off our skin can affect marine ecosystems—especially coral reefs. This has sparked a push for eco-friendly sunscreens and legislation banning certain harmful ingredients.

How Sunscreen Chemicals Affect the Ocean

According to the NOAA Ocean Service, harmful UV filter ingredients in sunscreen can wash off into the water and build up in the environment. These chemicals have been shown to:

• Impair algae growth
• Bleach coral
• Deform sea urchins
• Disrupt fish reproduction
• Affect the development of marine life

Sunscreens and Coral Reefs

Some common chemical UV filters, especially oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) and octinoxate, have been linked to coral bleaching and DNA damage in coral larvae. In one study, juvenile corals exposed to oxybenzone encased themselves in their skeletons, a fatal condition, at concentrations as low as 62 parts per trillion.

A 2022 review by NOAA and the National Academy of Sciences concluded that certain organic UV filters can harm aquatic life and deserve closer scrutiny.

Legislation in action:

• Hawaii banned oxybenzone and octinoxate starting in 2021 and has since expanded bans to octocrylene and avobenzone.
• Palau banned several harmful ingredients starting in 2020.
• Some resorts and marine parks now require “reef-safe” sunscreens.

What Does “Reef-Safe” Mean?

“Reef-safe” usually refers to sunscreens free of harmful chemical filters. Most use mineral-based UV filters like:

• Zinc oxide
• Titanium dioxide

However, nano-sized particles of these minerals may still have some impact. Non-nano zinc oxide is generally preferred. New “Safe-by-Design” technologies are in development to balance UV protection with environmental safety.

If you’re swimming near reefs, look for sunscreens that are:

• Labeled “reef safe”
• Made with non-nano zinc or titanium dioxide
• Free of oxybenzone, octinoxate, octocrylene, avobenzone, and other flagged chemicals

Also consider wearing UPF-rated swimwear or rash guards to reduce how much sunscreen you need. Water-resistant formulas help sunscreen stay on your skin and out of the sea.

Other Marine Life at Risk

Infographic: How sunscreen chemicals can enter the ocean and affect marine life (NOAA Ocean Service). Harmful UV filter ingredients from sunscreens can wash off and accumulate in the environment, where they have been found to impair algae growth, bleach coral, deform sea urchins, disrupt fish reproduction, and more.

Corals aren’t the only ones affected. Studies and the NOAA infographic show that sunscreen chemicals can:

• Impair algae growth
• Cause birth defects in mussels and sea urchins
• Reduce fertility or cause hormonal disruption in fish
• Accumulate in dolphins, possibly passing to calves

Though levels in open water are usually low, popular snorkeling and swimming areas show higher concentrations due to heavy use.

Packaging Waste Matters Too

Sunscreen packaging also impacts the environment. Millions of plastic bottles and aerosol cans are sold annually. If not recycled, they can end up in oceans and landfills.

To reduce your impact:

• Use larger bottles (less plastic per ounce)
• Choose brands using recyclable or compostable packaging (e.g., aluminum tins, sugarcane plastics)
• Recycle through programs like TerraCycle

What You Can Do

Here’s how to minimize your impact:

• Choose reef-safe, biodegradable sunscreens, especially in oceans, lakes, and rivers
• Wear UPF clothing to reduce sunscreen use
• Apply sunscreen 15–30 minutes before entering water so it adheres
• Don’t stand on or touch coral
• Support brands and policies that protect marine ecosystems
• Spread awareness—many people don’t realize sunscreen can harm coral
• Use eco-friendly sunscreens even if you’re not in the ocean as runoff from showers can enter freshwater systems

Bottom Line: You don’t have to stop using sunscreen. Skin cancer is a real danger, but you can make smarter choices, like switching to a mineral sunscreen or wearing sun-protective clothing, that help protect marine life. Healthy ocean, healthy planet, healthy us. Let’s enjoy the sun responsibly.

Sun protection starts early. A child’s skin is more sensitive and more prone to sunburn than an adult’s. Just one blistering sunburn in childhood or adolescence more than doubles the risk of developing melanoma later in life. Here’s how to protect children of all ages:

Infants Under 6 Months

Babies under 6 months should be kept out of direct sunlight as much as possible. Their skin is thinner and lacks enough melanin to protect from UV damage.

Tips from Dr. Prodanovich

• Keep baby in the shade: use stroller canopies, umbrellas, or natural shade.
• Dress in lightweight long sleeves, pants, and a wide-brimmed hat.
• Use infant swimwear with built-in UPF.
• If shade and clothing aren’t enough, apply a small amount of mineral sunscreen (zinc or titanium dioxide) to limited areas like the face or back of hands.
• Wash off sunscreen once indoors.

Avoid overheating—sun protection also means keeping the baby cool.

Babies 6–12 Months

Once a baby is over 6 months, you can apply broad-spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen to exposed skin.

Tips from Dr. Prodanovich

• Use fragrance-free mineral sunscreens (zinc oxide) made for babies.
• Continue to prioritize hats and clothing over full-body sunscreen.
• Reapply every 2 hours or after water exposure.
• Avoid direct sun from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. when UV is strongest.

Toddlers and Young Children

This is the age to teach habits. Apply SPF 30+ on all exposed skin.

Tips from Dr. Prodanovich

• Apply before dressing to avoid missing spots.
• Make it fun: use colored zinc sticks or sing a "sunscreen song."
• Pack sunscreen for daycare or school (check policies first).
• Reapply frequently during outdoor play or water activities.
• Be a role model—kids copy what they see.

Teaching Sun Safety

Explain sunscreen as "sun armor" to make it relatable. Use fun accessories:

• UV-blocking sunglasses
• Brimmed hats
• Sun shirts

Make reapplying part of their routine (e.g., after snacks or swims).

Sunburn Care

If a child gets burned:

• Keep them out of the sun until healed.
• Use cool compresses, aloe gel, and hydration.
• Pediatricians may recommend ibuprofen for pain.
• Seek medical care for blistering or fever.

Prevention is key. Just one bad burn can have long-term consequences.

Bottom Line: Sun protection is a daily habit, not just for beach days. Avoid direct sun for babies under 6 months. For older babies and kids, cover up, apply sunscreen, and reapply often. Start early and make it part of the routine—it helps protect their skin for life.

Sunscreen is essential, but it shouldn’t be your only line of defense. Leading dermatologists agree that the best sun protection comes from a combination of methods often referred to as a “sun safety toolkit.” Here’s how to reinforce your UV protection beyond just applying sunscreen.

Seek Shade When UV Is Strongest

UV rays are most intense between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Try to plan outdoor activities in the early morning or late afternoon.

Tips from Dr. Prodanovich to reduce direct sun exposure:

• Use natural shade like trees or walls, or portable shade like umbrellas and pop-up tents.
• At the beach or park, bring a large canopy or tent.
• Keep in mind: UV can reflect off surfaces like water, sand, and concrete, so shade isn’t foolproof—combine it with other strategies.

Cover Up with Protective Clothing

Clothing is one of the most effective barriers against UV rays. Unlike sunscreen, it doesn’t wear off.

Look for:

• UPF-rated clothing (Ultraviolet Protection Factor): UPF 50 blocks 98% of UV rays.
• Tightly woven or dark-colored fabrics.
• Lightweight, breathable, moisture-wicking fabrics for warm climates.
• Wide-brimmed hats (3-inch brim or more) to shade the face, neck, and ears.
• UV-blocking sunglasses that protect against 100% of UVA and UVB to reduce cataract risk and protect delicate eye-area skin.

Time Your Sun Exposure

UV exposure changes throughout the day and by season. Use the UV Index to plan accordingly. According to the EPA UV Index Scale, UV Index of:

• 3 or higher = protection needed
• 8–11+ = very high to extreme risk

During high-index hours, take extra precautions or stay indoors.

Be Aware of Reflective Surfaces

UV rays don’t just come from above. They reflect off surfaces and bounce back toward your skin.

High-reflectivity environments:

• Snow: reflects up to 80% of UV rays
• Water: reflects up to 10%
• Sand and concrete: reflect 15–25%

Use brimmed hats, apply sunscreen under your chin, and reapply often in these conditions.

Avoid Tanning Beds

Tanning beds are not safer than the sun. They expose you to concentrated UVA rays, which penetrate deeply and increase the risk of skin cancer.

Key facts:

• Tanning before age 35 increases melanoma risk by 59%.
• A tan only provides SPF 3 worth of protection and signals skin damage.
• Use sunless tanners or bronzers for cosmetic tanning. They don’t protect from UV, so sunscreen is still necessary.

Use UV-Protective Accessories

• Window film for cars or homes can block up to 99% of UVA rays.
• UV umbrellas offer portable protection.
• Driving tip: damage is more common on the left side of the face from driver-side exposure—window film helps prevent this.

Plan Smart Around the Sun

Use technology to help:

• Weather apps display the daily UV Index.
• Some apps send alerts when it’s time to reapply sunscreen.

If you’re outdoors all day (festivals, amusement parks), seek shade breaks and schedule high-exposure activities during safer times.

Share and Support Sun Safety

Promote sun-smart habits in your circle:

• Take shade breaks together.
• Remind each other to reapply sunscreen.
• Encourage kids and elderly family members to wear protective gear.

Bottom Line: Think of sunscreen as your backup layer, not your only layer.

Best practices for staying safe in the sun:

1. Seek shade
2. Wear protective clothing
3. Use hats and sunglasses
4. Apply sunscreen on exposed skin

This layered strategy—endorsed by Dr. Prodanovich and experts from the American Academy of Dermatology—offers better protection than any single method. When you combine sunscreen with smart habits, you reduce your lifetime UV exposure and help prevent sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer.

Sun protection matters for everyone, but some individuals need tailored approaches. Whether due to skin tone or specific health conditions, here’s how to protect vulnerable skin from harmful UV exposure.

Sun Protection for Darker Skin Tones

It’s a myth that people with dark skin don’t need sunscreen. While melanin offers some UV protection, it’s only up to about SPF 13. People with darker skin can still develop skin cancer, including acral lentiginous melanoma, which often appears on palms, soles, or under nails and is more deadly when detected late.

Key reasons to wear sunscreen:

• Prevent hyperpigmentation, dark spots, and uneven skin tone
• Lower risk of skin cancer
• Delay photoaging like wrinkles and sagging

Best Sunscreens for Skin of Color

• Tinted broad-spectrum sunscreens with iron oxides: Tinted sunscreens that contain iron oxides protect against UVB, UVA, and visible light. Visible light can worsen pigmentary conditions (like melasma) in people with skin of color. 
• Look for formulas labeled “invisible,” “sheer,” or “no white cast”: These formulas are less likely to leave a chalky or white residue.
• Micronized zinc oxide and chemical filters like avobenzone and octisalate often work well for deeper skin tones: Micronized (sometimes called nano or ultra-fine) zinc oxide is less likely to leave a visible cast compared to traditional zinc oxide. Chemical sunscreens like avobenzone and octisalate are usually clear and blend well into deeper skin tones.

Vitamin D Considerations

Darker skin tones produce less vitamin D from sunlight. Experts recommend getting vitamin D from diet or supplements, not unprotected sun exposure. Click here for more details.

Melasma and Hyperpigmentation

Melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) are worsened by both UV and visible light.

Dr. Prodanovich’s sun protection plan:

• Daily use of tinted mineral sunscreens with iron oxides
• Broad-spectrum SPF 30+ with UVA/UVB coverage
• Reapply every 2 hours when outside
• Add wide-brim hats and UV-blocking sunglasses
• Stay out of peak sun (10 a.m. – 4 p.m.)

Studies show that visible light contributes to persistent pigmentation in skin of color, making tinted sunscreens essential.

Rosacea

Sun exposure is a top trigger for rosacea flare-ups. Over 80% of rosacea patients report that sunlight worsens their condition.

Tips from Dr. Prodanovich for sun-safe rosacea care:

• Use mineral sunscreens (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide)
• Avoid products with alcohol, fragrance, or chemical filters like oxybenzone
• Look for sunscreens labeled for sensitive skin
• Try green-tinted SPF products to reduce visible redness
• Wear a wide-brim hat and avoid prolonged heat

Lupus and Photosensitive Conditions

People with lupus, dermatomyositis, or porphyria can be extremely sensitive to UV exposure. Even brief sun exposure can cause rashes or systemic flares.

Tips from Dr. Prodanovich for individuals with photosensitive conditions:

• Use broad-spectrum SPF 50+ daily
• Choose mineral-based formulas for maximum skin tolerance
• Apply even if indoors but near windows
• Use UV-filtering window film at home or in the car
• Wear UPF clothing, gloves, and sun hats
• Avoid midday sun entirely

Some patients may also be prescribed hydroxychloroquine to help control skin and systemic symptoms.

Vitiligo and Other Conditions

Areas affected by vitiligo lack melanin and are highly vulnerable to sunburn. Use SPF 50+ and consider cosmetic cover or self-tanners for added visible light protection.

Also at higher risk:

• People with a history of skin cancer or pre-cancers
• Organ transplant recipients or those on immunosuppressants
• Individuals with albinism

These groups should follow strict daily sun protection, get regular skin checks, and wear high-UPF clothing.

Bottom Line: Sun protection isn’t one-size-fits-all. People with darker skin tones and those with medical conditions benefit from tailored strategies, but the core tools remain the same: daily broad-spectrum sunscreen, protective clothing, reapplication, and shade.